[JUVENILE WALLEYE POLLOCK] [INGESTION OF TURBOT LARVAE] [FISH LARVAE GROWTH] [ORGANOGENESIS IN LARVAL TURBOT] [DEVELOPMENT OF TURBOT EGGS] [LARVAE OF CLARIAS GARIEPINUS] [TURBOT BROODSTOCK] [ENERGY RESOURCE PARTITIONING FISH] [ENDOGENOUS NUTRIENT MOBILIZATION] [COD AND TURBOT EMBRYOS AND LARVAE] [METABOLISM LARVAE AFRICAN CATFISH] [PROTEIN TURNOVER LARVAE CLARIAS] [PROTEIN TURNOVER FISH LARVAE] [AMINO ACIDS PAGRUS MAJOR] [N-6 FATTY ACIDS] [CHEMICAL COMPOSITION ROTIFERS] [TRYPTIC ENZYME] [FATTY ACID] [MARINE FISH CULTURE] [COREGONID LARVAE] [DENTEX] [MASS CULTURE ROTIFERS JAPAN] [SWIMBLADDER PATHOLOGY TURBOT] [SKELETAL ANOMALIES DICENTRARCHUS] [ARTIFICIAL FERTILIZATION TURBOT] [ALGAE IN TURBOT REARING SYSTEMS] [AQUATIC ANIMALS MAILING LISTS] [MTP EXTENDED ABSTRACTS] [ VACCINOLOGY SYMPOSIUM] [SYMPOSIUM SETTLEMENT AND METAMORPHOSIS LARVAE] [ICES CONFERENCE] [ICES WEANING DIET] [ANALYSIS OF FATTY ACIDS]
BEHAVIOURAL RESPONSES OF LARVAL AND JUVENILE WALLEYE POLLOCK (THERAGRA CHALCOGRAMMA): POSSIBLE MECHANISMS CONTROLLING DISTRIBUTION AND RECRUITMENT
Olla, B.L., M.W. Davis, C.H. Ryer, S.M. Sogard-1995
ICES mar.Sci.Symp., 201:3-15
(Cooperative Institute for Marine Resource Studies, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, Oregon 97365, USA)
INGESTION RATES OF TURBOT LARVAE (SCOPHTHALMUS MAXIMUS) USING DIFFERENT-SIZED LIVE PREY
Cunha, I., M. Planas-1995
ICES mar.Sci.Symp., 201:16-20
ABSTRACT:
The feeding ability of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) larvae at 14, 18, and 22 C was studied from day 2 to day 10 post-hatching when feeding on three different types of live prey: two strains of different-sized Brachionus plicatilis as well as Artemia nauplii. The main objective of this investigation was to determine an optimal diet sequence for the early larval rearing. The study was based on the analysis of feeding incidence, gut content, and prey selection. First-feeding was improved by small rotifers (Bs: 122 micrometer width). A preference of the larvae for large rotifers (Bl- 177 micrometer width) was found in the following 2d. Larvae were able to ingest Artemia nauplii (AN) by day 4 but digestion was only effective in larvae longer than 4.5 mm (SL). Temperature had a significant influence on feeding incidence and gut content but not on prey selection. This was particularly noticeable at first-feeding and during active feeding on Artemia nauplii. A prey mixture was found to interfere with the feeding performances of small larvae by reducing prey ingestion. Temperatures in the range 18-22 C should be considered for feeding optimization. The following feeding scheme is proposed according to the standard length of the larvae: <4 mm, small rotifers or mixture of small and large rotifers (<150 micrometer width); 4-4.5 mm, large rotifers (125-200 micrometer width); 4.5-5.5 mm, large rotifers + Artemia nauplii; >5.5 mm, Artemia nauplii (200-250 micrometer width).
(Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (C.S.I.C.), Eduardo Cabello, 6, E-36208 Vigo, Spain)
FISH LARVAE, DEVELOPMENT, ALLOMETRIC GROWTH, AND THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT
Osse, J.W.M., J.G.M. van den Boogaart-1995
ICES mar.Sci.Symp., 201:21-34
ABSTRACT:
During metamorphosis, fish larvae undergo rapid changes in external appearance and dimensions of body parts. The juveniles closely resemble the adult form. The focus of the present paper is the comparison of stages of development of fishes belonging within different taxa in a search for general patterns. The hypothesis that these patterns reflect the priorities of vital functions, e.g., feeding, locomotion, and respiration, is tested taking into account the size-dependent influences of the aquatic environment on the larvae. A review of some literature on allometrics of fish larvae is given and related to the rapidly changing balance between inertial and viscous forces in relation to body length and swimming velocity. New data on the swimming of larval and juvenile carp are presented. It is concluded that the patterns of development and growth shows in many cases a close parallel with the successive functional requirements.
(Wageningen Agricultural University, Department of Experimental Animal Morphology and Cell Biology, Marijkeweg 40, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands)
A TABULAR OVERVIEW OF ORGANOGENESIS IN LARVAL TURBOT (SCOPHTHALMUS MAXIMUS L.)
Segner, H., V. Storch, M. Reinecke, W. Kloas, W. Hanke-1995
ICES mar.Sci.Symp., 201:35-39
ABSTRACT:
In this overview of the ontogeny of organ structures and functions of larval turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) the developmental age of the larvae is determined on the basis of morphologically defined stages. At the onset of exogenous feeding, a functional digestive system is present, with enterocytes capable of protein and lipid absorption, with functional exocrine pancreatic cells, and with intestinal enzymes for nutrient digestion. In addition, key elements for the metabolic utilization of dietary nutrients, such as differentiated liver cells, endocrine factors, and enzymes of key metabolic pathways, exist. During subsequent development, intestine, exocrine pancreas, and liver of turbot larvae undergo mainly quantitative alterations (i.e. growth) but not qualitative alterations (i.e. appearance of new functions). The gills are not functional at first-feeding but differentiate until metamorphosis. The phase of metamorphosis is characterized by the onset of stomach function and by a pronounced increase of glycolytic metabolic activities indicating a change from larval musculature into the adult-type (aerobic) red and (anaerobic)
white muscles.
(Department of Zoology, University of Karlsruhe, PO Box 6980, D- 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany)
EFFECT OF LIGHT AND TEMPERATURE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF TURBOT EGGS (SCOPHTHALMUS MAXIMUS L.)
Iglesias, J., G. Rodriguez-Ojea, J.B. Peleteiro-1995
ICES mar.Sci.Symp., 201:40-44
ABSTRACT:
Different experiments were done to determine the effects of light and temperature on the embryonic development of turbot eggs (Scophthalmus maximus L.) obtained in captivity. No significant differences were found between time elapsed from fertilization to hatching in the trials carried out with 24 h of light and those done in dark conditions. Light is not therefore a determining factor in the embryonic development of turbot eggs. The relation between temperature and time needed to reach each embryonic stage shows a clear inverse relationship. The exponential-potential equation which relates temperature (T) and age of the eggs (Y), defined as the time in hours elapsed since fertilization, is: Y=27.64 x e^(-0.11T+0.05i x i) x i^(1.21); r=0.9904, where i is the egg development stage (1 to 10). From the application of this equation, this paper also provides the development curves for each embryonic stage for each experimental temperature (in the range 10 C to 20 C).
(Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia, Centro Oceanografico de Vigo, Apdo. 1552, 36280 Vigo, Spain)
MUSCLE GROWTH AND SWIMMING IN LARVAE OF CLARIAS GARIEPINUS
(BURCHELL)
Akster, H.A., J.A.J. Verreth, I.L.Y. Spierts, T. Berbner, M.
Schmidbauer, J.W.M. Osse-1995
ICES mar.Sci.Symp., 201:45-50
ABSTRACT:
This study describes the muscle fibre type distribution and the swimming activity in early stages of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell). It also describes the influence of different diets on muscle fibre numbers and muscle fibre diameters of Clarias larvae. Yolk-sac larvae of Clarias have a superficial monolayer of red muscle fibres that surrounds inner "white" muscle. At about 11 mm length (larvae fed for 3 days Artemia), an adult-like fibre type distribution begins to appear. One day after hatching, the larvae (about 5 mm total length) show nearly continuous stationary activity interrupted by slow swimming (velocity 2.40.9 body length per second (BL/s)). This activity is probably powered by the superficial red fibres. Stimulation of the larvae results in burst-swimming with an initial velocity of at least 17 BL/s, which is probably powered by the inner white fibres. After yolk-sac absorption the time spent in staionary activity and swimming decreases. From the start of feeding, a group of larvae was fed with Artemia and another group with dry food. Larvae fed for 3 d on Artemia and larvae fed for 5d on dry food have similar length, similar white muscle fibre sizes, and similar white muscle fibre numbers. This indicates that muscle development is related to the length of the larvae, rather than to age.
(Department of Experimental Animal Morphology and Cell Biology, Wageningen Agricultural University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands)
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EGG QUALITY AND FATTY ACID CONTENT OF
VARIOUS TURBOT BROODSTOCK (SCOPHTHALMUS MAXIMUS L.)
Peleteiro, J.B., P. Lavens, G. Rodriguez-Ojea, J. Iglesias-1995
ICES mar.Sci.Symp., 201:51-56
ABSTRACT:
The paper presents the data relating to the spawning quality of 20 turbot females (Scophthalmus maximus L.) subjected to natural and controlled photoperiods and fed with two different types of food. A comparison is made between the data usually utilized in hatcheries for defining the spawning quality (number of viable eggs, fertilization and hatching rates, number of larvae produced) and the highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) content of fertilized eggs at the two-cell stage. The results indicate that there is no correlation between the HUFA content of the eggs and any of the egg quality criteria examined. Nevertheless, significant differences (p<0.05) are found between the females fed with fresh trash fish (higher 18:3n-3, 20:4n-6, total lipid content and the ratio DHA/EPA) and those fed with commercial pellets.
(Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia, Apdo. 1552, 36280-Vigo, Spain)
A COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR STUDYING ENERGY RESOURCE PARTITIONING IN EARLY LIFE STAGES OF FISH, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE AFRICAN CATFISH (CLARIAS GARIEPINUS (BURCHELL))
Verreth,J., A. Polat, H. van Herwaarden, L. Conceicao, E.A. Huisman-1995
ICES mar.Sci.Symp., 201:57-63
(Department of Fish Culture and Fisheries, Wageningen Agricultural University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands)
ENDOGENOUS NUTRIENT MOBILIZATION DURING EGG AND LARVAL DEVELOPMENT IN TWO MARINE FISHES - ATLANTIC MENHADEN AND SPOT
Fyhn, H.J., J.J. Govoni-1995
ICES mar.Sci.Symp., 201:64-69
(University of Bergen, Zoological Institute, Allegaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway)
METABOLIC FUELS IN DEVELOPING COD AND TURBOT EMBRYOS AND LARVAE
Finn, R.N., H.J. Fyhn-1995
ICES mar.Sci.Symp., 201:70-73
ABSTRACT:
Aerobic metabolic rates of embryos and larvae of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) were measured and used stoichiometrically to balance the substrates, in the form of free amino acids (FAAs), proteins and lipids, that quantitatively disappeared during development. Calculations reveal that cod embryos and larvae predominantly fuel their metabolism with FAAs (73%) throughout development; in addition, following closure of the blastopore, lipid is also steadily catabolized (27%). Turbot, however, utilize different substrates at separate stages of development. FAAs are predominantly burned during the embryonic stage, while lipids are burned during the yolk-sac stage. From the time of first-feeding, proteins are recruited from body stores and catabolized. Thus, for turbot, free and protein-bound amino acids together contribute 40% to the energy metabolism, while lipids contribute 60%.
(University of Bergen, Zoological Institute, Allegaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway)
PROTEIN, LIPID, AND ENERGY METABOLISM IN ELEUTHERO-EMBRYOS AND STARVING LARVAE OF THE AFRICAN CATFISH (CLARIAS GARIEPINUS (BURCHELL))
Polat, A., L. Conceicao, E. Sarihan, J. Verreth-1995
ICES mar.Sci.Symp., 201:74-79
ABSTRACT:
Changes in protein, lipid, and energy contents of developing Clarias gariepinus eggs and larvae are examined. The mean egg weight is 1.3 mg, with an average composition of 79.2% water, 20.7% protein, 5.6% lipid, and 2.1% ash. Hatching occurs at 52 physiological day degrees (PD) and yolk is completely absorbed at 205 PD. Exogenous feeding starts at 166 PD, before complete yolk-sac absorption. From fertilization until the sampling point closest to complete yolk absorption (195.4 PD), conversion efficiencies of yolk dry matter, protein, and lipid to body tissue are respectively 73.5%, 74.2%, and 47.4%. In the same period, protein and lipid contribute respectively 1.6 and 1.5 J/ind to the total energy expenditure.
(Department of Fish Culture and Fisheries, Wageningen Agricultural University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands)
A FIRST ATTEMPT TO ESTIMATE PROTEIN TURNOVER USING A SIMULATION MODEL FOR AMINO ACID METABOLISM IN YOLK-SAC LARVAE OF CLARIAS GARIEPINUS (BURCHELL) AND HIPPOGLOSSUS HIPPOGLOSSUS (L.)
Conceicao, L., A. Polat, I. Ronnestad, M. Machiels, J. Verreth- 1995
ICES mar.Sci.Symp., 201:80-86
(Department of Fish Culture and Fisheries, Wageningen Agricultural University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands)
PROTEIN TURNOVER AND AMINO ACID FLUX IN FISH LARVAE
Houlihan, D.F., I.D. McCarthy, C.G. Carter, F. Martin-1995
ICES mar.Sci.Symp., 201:87-99
(Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB9 2TN4, Scotland, UK)
OPTIMUM LEVELS OF CRYSTALLINE AMINO ACIDS IN DIETS FOR LARVAL RED SEA BREAM (PAGRUS MAJOR)
Lopez-Alvarado, J., A. Kanazawa-1995
ICES mar.Sci.Symp., 201:100-105
(Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 4-50-20 Shimoarata, Kagoshima 890, Japan)
THE IMPORTANCE OF N-6 FATTY ACIDS IN THE CULTURE OF MARINE FISH LARVAE
Robin, J.H.-1995
ICES mar.Sci.Symp., 201:106-111
(Unite Mixte de Nutrition des Poissons, INRA-IFREMER. IFREMER Centre de Brest, B.P. 70, 29280 Plouzane, France)
CHANGES IN THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF STARVED ROTIFERS (BRACHIONUS PLICATILIS) KEPT AT AMBIENT AND LOW TEMPERATURES FOR EXTENSIVE PERIODS
Ortega, A., A. Estevez, F. Linares, D.G. Carnero-1995
ICES mar.Sci.Symp., 201:112-118
ABSTRACT:
Rotifers were starved at two different temperatures (22 C and 3 C) with slight aeration and at a density of 750 rot/ml. At 22 C the population density increased slightly in the first 2 d, before quickly declining and dying on day 14. At 3 C, the population density decreased slowly, leaving 115 rot/ml on day 28. Biochemical analyses showed that a major amount of carbohydrates was used during the first 4 d at both temperatures. At 22 C triacylglycerols (TAG) were fully consumed in the first 4 d, but at 3 C TAG remained after 28 days. Free fatty acids remained unchanged and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) decreased slowly during starvation at the low temperature. Samples of rotifers were take weekly and fed in order to recover the culture. Recovery was controlled and found to be satisfactory in rotifers starved at 3 C; a rapid recovery was noted in rotifers that were starved for less than 3 weeks. Stocks of rotifers could be starved at 3 C for a month without special attention, which enabled the recovery of the cultures when necessary.
(Centro de Experimentacion en Acuicultura de Couso 15960 Ribeira, La Coruna, Spain)
THE USE OF TRYPTIC ENZYME ACTIVITY MEASUREMENT AS A NUTRITIONAL CONDITION INDEX: LABORATORY CALIBRATION DATA AND FIELD APPLICATION
Ueberschar, B.-1995
ICES mar.Sci.Symp., 201:119-129
(Institut fur Meereskunde Kiel, Dusternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany)
A STANDARD EXPERIMENTAL DIET FOR THE STUDY OF FATTY ACID REQUIREMENTS OF WEANING AND FIRST ONGROWING STAGES OF EUROPEAN SEA BASS (DICENTRARCHUS LABRAX L.): SELECTION OF THE BASAL DIET
Coutteau, P., G. Van Stappen, P. Sorgeloos-1995
ICES mar.Sci.Symp., 201:130-137
ABSTRACT:
A standard experimental diet was developed to study lipid nutrition in marine fish larvae during weaning and first ongrowing. Basal diets were prepared by extrusion-cooking, crumbling of the pellets, and sieving to obtain particles in the size ranges 150-300 micrometer and 300-500 micrometer. Three protein sources in the extruded basal diet were evaluated: (1) micronized cod protein granulate (COD); (2) a mixture of casein, gelatin, and albumin (CGA); (3) a mixture of cod fish meal, whey protein, soybean protein concentrate, albumin, hemoglobin meal, and wheat gluten (MIX). A variable lipid fraction was added to the extruded nucleus by coating the particles with an emulsion, coconut oil (COCO), or fish oil emulsion (FO), in a fluidized bed granulator. European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) were weaned and consequently reared for 3 weeks on the experimental diets in a recirculation system. A commercial diet and the uncoated COD diet served as control diets. The suitability of the diets was assessed on the basis of the water stability of the particles, survival, growth, resistance to higher salinity stress of the fish, and tissue fatty acid composition. The MIX diet may hold promise as a standard basal diet for lipid nutrition research with marine fish species during weaning and first ongrowing. Furthermore, the MIX basal diet coated with the appropriate lipid fraction may serve as a standard reference diet for comparison among fish species, laboratories, and between experiments.
(Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Rozier 44, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium)
REVIEW OF SOME ASPECTS OF MARINE FISH LARVICULTURE
Sorgeloos, P., M. Dehasque, P. Dhert, P. Lavens-1995
ICES mar.Sci.Symp., 201:138-142
ABSTRACT:
Dependable availability of quality fry to stock grow-out production systems has been one of the most critical factors in the commercial success of industrial production of fish and shellfish. Large-scale production of marine fish fry was realized only from the 1980s onwards. Although Japan was the pioneer with the red sea bream (Pagrus major), the most competitive hatchery methods were eventually developed in Europe for the sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Improved knowledge of larval dietary requirements, not the least with regard to (n-3) highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs), combined with the adoption of live-food enrichment protocols allowed the successful transition from pilot to commercial-scale larviculture. Initially based on an empirical approach, larviculture nutrition research today is of a multidisciplinary nature. There are good indications that the more fundamental approach will lead to significant progress in hatchery outputs. The larval dietary regimes will eventually be adjusted as a function of the cultured species and/or specific developmental stages, e.g., changes in the enrichment protocols for Brachionus and Artemia, the selected formulation of substitution diets, and/or the adoption of co-feeding techniques.
The area that has been most neglected so far, but might provoke the biggest impact in future hatchery tecnology is microbiology. Also the prophylactic and therapeutic use of antibiotics and other chemotherapeutics is expected to undergo significant improvements in the near future. In addition, it is very likely that better broodstock conditioning and feeding can ensure improved and constant larval qualities. Finally, improved zootechniques will make fish larviculture more predictable and more cost-effective, e.g., adoption of modular hatchery systems, selection and use of new materials, reduction of the so-called "human factors" by increased automation, etc.
(Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Rozier 44, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium)
POLISH EXPERIMENTS ON STIMULATED HATCHING AND LARGE-SCALE REARING OF EUROPEAN COREGONID LARVAE (COREGONIDAE) ON DRY DIETS
Mamcarz, A., J. Kozlowski, P. Poczyczynski, L. Chybowski, D. Dostatni-1995
ICES mar.Sci.Symp., 201:143-147
(Department of Fisheries, University of Agriculture and Technology, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland)
SUMMARY OF INVESTIGATIONS ON REPRODUCTION AND LARVAL REARING OF COMMON DENTEX (DENTEX DENTEX (L.))
Pastor, E., F. Riera, S. Pou, A.M. Grau, A. Grau-1995
ICES mar.Sci.Symp., 201:148-152
(Estacion de Acuicultura, Govern Balear, Port d'Andratx, Mallorca, Spain)
RECENT ADVANCES IN BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF MASS CULTURE OF ROTIFERS (BRACHIONUS PLICATILIS) IN JAPAN
Hirayama, K., A. Hagiwara-1995
ICES mar.Sci.Symp., 201:153-158
ABSTRACT:
This paper summarizes fundamental research on improved rotifer culture technology in Japan. (1) Classification of Brachionus plicatilis strains into L- and S-types was supported by cross- mating experiments. We succeeded in crossing rotifers in each strain type belonging within L or S, but failed to obtain fertilized eggs in crosses made between L- and S-type strains. (2) Mass production of the resting eggs of L-type rotifers was conducted in 50m3 tanks by feeding the rotifers with baker's yeast and frozen Nannochloropsis oculata. Ten-day cultures produced about 2.3x10^9 resting eggs. The number of resting eggs produced by 1 g dry weight of food ranged from 87 to 149x10^3 eggs. (3) High-density rotifer mass culture technology is being developed by feeding condensed suspensions of freshwater Chlorella, which is commercially available (15x10^9 cells/ml, vitamin B12 1mg/l), to rotifers cultured in 1m3 tanks. Two nylon filter mats (1.1x2m, 1 cm thickness) washed daily, were inserted into each tank to remove solids such as rotifer faeces. The rotifer culture could supply 5.9x10^8 rotifers/d throughout a 40- d culture period and maintain a rotifer density of more than 1000 individuals/ml.
(Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, 852 Nagasaki, Japan)
SWIMBLADDER PATHOLOGY DURING LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF TURBOT (SCOPHTHALMUS MAXIMUS L.)
Padros, F., S. Crespo-1995
ICES mar.Sci.Symp., 201:159-162
ABSTRACT:
With the aim of elucidating the causes of the high mortality of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) larvae during development, histopathological studies were carried out and the role of the swimbladder in turbot larval pathology was investigated. Several batches of 1 to 90-d-old larvae from a commercial hatchery were sampled during the course of 3 years. Alterations were observed in swimbladders mainly during developmental stages 2, 3, and 4. The main pathological problems observed were: inflation disturbances, malformation of gas gland and rete mirabile, pneumatic duct dystrophy, and swimbladder invasion by bacterial cells. These pathologies were described in association with organogenesis disturbances in early stages of development and with the presence of enteric flora. The origin of swimbladder alterations and their significance on turbot larvae survival are discussed.
(Laboratorio de Biologia, Facultat de Veterinaria, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain)
SKELETAL ANOMALIES IN DICENTRARCHUS LABRAX JUVENILES SELECTED FOR FUNCTIONAL SWIMBLADDER
Boglione, C., G. Marino, A. Fusari, F. Ferreri, M.G. Finoia, S. Cataudella-1995
ICES mar.Sci.Symp., 201:163-169
ABSTRACT:
Some Mediterranean hatcheries use selection techniques to eliminate fish lacking a functional swimbladder. The aim of this study is to make a morphological evaluation of fish selected by swimbladder sorting techniques. Experimental selection tests were performed on 456 90-d-old sea bass (SL=27.42.4 mm), produced under controlled conditions, anaesthetized with MS-222 Sandoz, and selected at three different salinities (37, 42, and 46 ppt). the different salinity conditions under which sorting took place had no significan effect on separation efficiency, which was found to be 100% for the floating fraction and 99.21% for the sinking fraction. One-hundred-and-eighty-one animals with swimbladder (S+) and 81 without (S-) were fixed in 4% formalin, stained, and observed in order to detect any cartilage or bone anomalies. In both groups of fish (S+ and S-), anomalies in the vertebral axis, the vertebrae, and in the fins, as well as the frequency of calculi in the terminal tract of the urinary duct were counted and compared using the chi2 test. The S-group is characterized by: shorter standard length, higher frequency of anomalies of vertebrae and of the vertebral axis, and higher frequency of individuals with calculi in the terminal tract of the urinary ducts. Fin anomalies were found to be evenly distributed in both groups. The results led to the following conclusions: (1) morphological evidence confirms the effectiveness of the method in separating fish with swimbladders from those without; (2) the selection method does not provide a total guarantee of fish quality on a morphological basis: as many as 93.8% of the S+ fry were found to have skeletal anomalies.
(Dipartimento di Biologia, Laboratorio di Ecologia Sperimentale ed Acquacoltura, Universita Tor Vergata, Via Passolombardo 430, 00133 Rome, Italy)
PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF DIFFERENT METHODS OF ARTIFICIAL FERTILIZATION WITH FRESH SPERM OF TURBOT (SCOPHTHALMUS MAXIMUS L.)
Chereguini, O., B. Peleteiro, R. Cal, A. Garcia-1995
ICES mar.Sci.Symp., 201:170-172
(Istituto Espanol de Oceanografia, Apto. 240, 39080 Santander, Spain)
THE ROLE OF DIFFERENT ALGAE IN THE GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF TURBOT LARVAE (SCOPHTHALMUS MAXIMUS L.) IN INTENSIVE REARING SYSTEMS
Stottrup, J.G., K. Gravningen, N.H. Norsker-1995
ICES mar.Sci.Symp., 201:173-186
ABSTRACT:
Five species of planktonic algae were tested to examine their effect on growth and survival in turbot larvae reared in static water; the "green-water technique". Specific daily growth rates from day 4 to day 18 after hatching ranged from 24% to 39%. Survival to day 18 ranged from 1% to 42%. Growth and survival in turbot larvae were related to the algal species used. The present paper discusses possible effects of this rearing technique, including nutritional effects in terms of fatty acids and amino acids. The role of bacteria in the rearing tanks was examined and it is proposed that the bacteria-controlling function of the algae was more important than their nutritional effect. The adaptability of the green-water technique in commercial rearing systems is discussed, along with the use of harpacticoids to help maintain tank-wall hygiene.
(Danish Institute for Fisheries and Marine Research, North Sea Centre, PO Box 101, DK-9850 Hirtshals, Denmark)
Date: 9 Feb 1996
From: labonte.michele@cbsc.ic.gc.ca
To: Multiple recipients of list <aqua-l@upei.ca>
A list of aquatic animals mailing lists can be found at:
http://www.actwin.com/fish/lists.html
The lists includes subscribing info and synopsis of the list's discussion content for the following:
AQUA-L
AQUARIUM - Discussion of Home Fish Aquariums
BETTAS - Betta Fish Discussion List
BRINE-L - Brine Shrimp Discussion List
COASTNET - Coastal Management Conference
CRUST-L - Crustacean Biology List
CTURTLE - Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation List
DEEPSEA - Deep Sea Biology Discussion List
ECS-NEWS - European Cetacean Society News
FISH-ECOLOGY - Fish and Fisheries Ecology
FISHERIES - Fisheries-related mailing list
FISHFOLK - Fisheries Social Science Network
FISH-JUNIOR - Forum between Marine Scientists and Students
PROG-NET - Amphibian Researcher Mailing List
HERP-L - Herpetology Mailing List
IAMSLIC - Intl Assn. of Aquatic & Marine Science Libraries & Information Centres
ICAM-L - Integrated Coastal Area Management
KILLFISH - Killfish (F. Cyprinodontidae) Mailing List
MAR-FACIL - Marine Facilities Mailing List
MARINE-L - Marine Studies/Shipboard Education List
MARINE-TECH - Marine Technology in the U.K.
MARNAM - Marine Mammal Research & Conservation Discussion List
MEDSEA-L - Marine Biology of the Adriatic Sea
MEH20-L - Middle East Water List
MOLLUSCA - Molluscan Phylogeny & Systematics Discussion List
NIA - Neotropical Ichthyological Association
OCEANTECH - Scripps Institution of Oceanography's Ocean Technology Forum
SCUBA - Discussion of Scuba Diving
SCUBA-D - Digest of the Usenet rec.scuba newsgroup
SCUBA-L - Scuba Diving Mailing List
SEASHEPERD - Sea Shepherd Conservation Society Mailing List
SFER-L - South Florida Environmental Reader
STARNET - Echinoderm Newsletter
WILDNET - Computing & Statistics in Fisheries & Wildlife Biology
Date: 9 Feb 1996
From: Lisa owen <lisa@imbc.gr>
To: Multiple recipients of list <aqua-l@upei.ca>
The Extended Abstracts from the Second Workshop of the Meditteranean Targeted Project (MTP), February 1-3 1996, Crete, Greece, sponsored by the European Commission MAST Programme, are now available online through the IMBC's Home Page (http://www.imbc.gr).
The abstracts are indexed under the following project titles:
CINCS
EMPS
EUROMARGE-ES
EUROMARGE-NB
EUROMODEL
GEODYME
MADAM
MEDIPELAGOS
MERMAIDS
OTRANTO
PALEOFLUX
PELAGOS
Lisa Owen
Information Design and Development Det.
The Institute of Marine Biology of Crete
P.O. Box. 2214
GR - 710 03 Iraklio
Crete
Greece
e-mail: lisa@imbc.gr
INTERNATIONAL FISH VACCINOLOGY SYMPOSIUM
Date: 10 Feb 1996
From: Paul.Midtlyng@vetinst.no
To: Multiple recipients of list <aqua-l@upei.ca>
International IABS Symposium on Fish Vaccinology
Oslo, June 5-7, 1996.
This symposium will review all major aspects of fish vaccinology and the present status of immunoprophylaxis in aquaculture. Scientific workers from academic institutions, the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory authorities, fish health services, laboratories and aquaculture management are welcome to participate.
Preliminary programme
Session 1: Immune mechanisms of aquaculture species
1.1 Adaptive immunity of fish
1.2 Immunity of fish larvae
1.3 Environmental effects on fish immune mechanisms
1.4 Crustacean immunity
Session 2: Methods of vaccine delivery to fish
2.1 Antigen uptake and immune responses after injection
vaccination
2.2 Antigen uptake and immune responses after immersion
vaccination
2.3 Antigen uptake and immune responses after oral vaccination
2.4 Technical aspects of various vaccination methods
Session 3: Immunization with bacterial antigens
3.1 Vibrio infections
3.2 Furunculosis
3.3 Yersiniosis
3.4 Edwardsiellosis
3.5 Infections with motile aeromonads
Session 4: Immunization with bacterial antigens
4.1 Bacterial Kidney Disease
4.2 Infections with Streptococci and related organisms
4.3 Piscirickettsiosis
4.4 Pasteurellosis
4.5 Flexibacteriosis and related infections
Session 5: Immunization with viral and parasite antigens
5.1 Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis
5.2 Viral Hemorrhagic Septicaemia
5.3 Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis
5.4 Viral diseases of carp and catfish
5.5 Parasitic diseases of fish
Session 6: Antigen production, adjuvants and vaccine composition
6.1 Polyvalent vaccines: antigenic synergies or competition
6.2 Status of adjuvants in fish vaccine
6.3 Fish vaccine antigens produced or delivered by recombinant
DNA technologies
6.4 Live fish vaccines - history and perspectives
Session 7: Methods of vaccine evaluation in fish
7.1 In vitro methods for vaccine evaluation
7.2 Strengths and weaknesses of different challenge methods
7.3 Statistics of fish vaccination trials
7.4 The pitfalls of field trials in fish vaccinology
Session 8: Licensing criteria and regulatory aspects
8.1 USDA/APHIS criteria for licensing fish vaccines
8.2 European regulations relevant for marketing and use of fish
vaccines
8.3 Worldwide harmonization of standards and marketing licenses
Session 9: Safety and environmental issues of fish vaccinology
9.1 Reduction of antibiotic use due to vaccination
9.2 Vaccinated fish welfare: protection vs. side effects
9.3 Environmental aspects of recombinant vaccines
9.4 Operator safety during injection vaccination of fish
9.5 Vaccination issues pursuant to cultured/feral fish
interactions
Session 10: Vaccination strategies in aquaculture
10.1 Vaccination strategies in freshwater salmonid aquaculture
10.2 Vaccination strategies in seawater cage culture of salmonids
10.3 Vaccination strategies for marine cultured species
10.4 Vaccination strategies for carp and catfish
10.5 Strategies for immunostimulation in shrimp
Poster session.
Sections 1-10 according to the topics of the oral programme
PRELIMINARY REGISTRATION FORM
Name:.........................................................
Mailing address:..............................................
Country:......................................................
Telephone:...................Fax:............E-mail:..........
............................
I intend to present a poster Yes ( )
Please reply by E-mail to VESO, PO Box 8109 Dep, 0032 Oslo,
Norway. Fax: +4722566254.
Printed second announcement with registration form, and instruction for the preparation of poster abstracts will be mailed to your address immediately.
Paul J. Midtlyng, Head of department
National Centre of Veterinary Contract Research and Commercial Services
VESO VetResearch,
P.O Box 8109 dep.
N-0032 OSLO, NORWAY
Phone: (+47) 22 96 46 05 Fax: (+47) 22 56 62 54
E-mail: Paul.Midtlyng@vetinst.no
SETTLEMENT AND METAMORPHOSIS OF MARINE INVERTEBRATE LARVAE
15-19 July 1996
Plymouth, UK
organised by Marine Biological Association (UK), Research Development Corporation of Japan (Japan), and University of Plymouth (UK).
The current programme of the Symposium has 5 themes: nature of chemical cues to settlement; perception of cues (including signal transduction); hydrodynamics and settlement; biofilm-larval interactions; and inhibition of settlement by natural products/cues.
For info, contact:
Dr Anthony S. Clare
Marine Biological Association
Citadel Hill
PLYMOUTH PL1 2PB, UK
Fax number: +44 1752 633102
INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR THE EXPLORATION OF THE SEA
1996 ICES ANNUAL SCIENCE CONFERENCE
27 September to 4 October 1996, Reykjavik, Iceland
THEME SESSION (Q):
REPRODUCTIVE DISTURBANCES OF MARINE SPECIES - CAUSES AND EFFECTS
Convenor: Dr J. McDowell Capuzzo [Northeast Fisheries Science Center, NMFS/NOAA, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States,
telephone: (+1)508 548 1400, telefax: (+1) 508 457 2172, E-mail: jmdowell@whoi.edu].
Reproduction in marine animals is influenced by many factors, including environmental influences on maturation and time of spawning, alteration of critical habitats as breeding and nursery grounds, and sensitivity of early life history stages to environmental variables. There are numerous examples of marine vertebrate and invertebrate populations from around the world where disturbances in reproductive and developmental processes have been documented. Possible causes include direct toxic effects of contaminants on developing eggs and early life history stages, hormonal disruption of reproductive processes, and destruction of natural habitats. This theme session will explore the factors that contribute to reproductive disturbance in populations of marine animals, with specific attention directed to those species that reside within the ICES region. We are soliciting papers that deal with some aspect of reproductive disturbance in marine species. Suggested topics include:
1) Contaminant induced effects on ovarian maturation and egg development;
2) Contaminant induced effects on larval development and survival;
3) Hormonal control of reproduction and response to contaminant exposure;
4) Life history analysis of contaminant effects on populations;
5) Multiple factors controlling reproductive processes in marine animals;
6) Geographical patterns of reproductive disturbance in marine animals.
Submission of titles and abstracts before 30 April 1996.
For further information: General Secretary, ICES, Palaegade 2-4,
DK-1261 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
Telephone: (+45)33 15 42 25. Telefax: (+45)33 93 42 15. Internet:
postmaster@server.ices.inst.dk.
AVAILABLE FOR INTERLABORATORY STUDIES
The establishment of a standard reference diet has been considered by various working groups on the standardization of nutrition research as one of the most important steps in facilitating direct comparison of results among laboratories, experiments and species (Castell et al., 1989; ICES, 1993) and has recently been recommended by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) - Working Group on Mass Rearing of Juvenile Fish during its 6th meeting in Conwy, UK on June 22- 24, 1995 (ICES, 1995).
In this context, the Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center makes available a batch of the reference diet for performing an interlaboratory study of fatty acid requirements of marine fish during weaning and first ongrowing. The diet is available in a range of particle sizes as an extruded nucleus containing low levels of lipid and n-3 HUFA (respectively, 6.4% and <0.35% of dry diet). The essential lipid fraction of the diet is added by coating with a concentrated emulsion in a blender followed by drying. Development of the diet is described in Coutteau et al. (1995ab) for European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and similar studies for turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) are being prepared for publication.
The standard diet may be used for two purposes:
1. as a reference diet for a series of experiments (ie to compare growth under various experimental conditions). This would imply the selection of a standard, fixed formulation for the coated fraction (see Table 1 for example).
2. as a standard diet to study lipid requirements (fatty acids, but also other lipophilic compounds such as vitamin E, phospholipids). The composition of the diet can be modified by varying the composition of the coated fraction.
The diet is available at cost as
1. extruded nucleus (for composition see Table 2), allowing the participating laboratory to apply its own formulation/technique to add the coated fraction (cost 2000 BF/kg excl. transport cost).
2. complete diets prepared at ARC. Series of diets ranging in content of n-3 HUFA can be made available upon request (3000 BF/kg excl. transport cost). See Table 1 for example of formulation for diet containing 2.5% n-3 HUFA.
Example of diet preparation:
Example of formulation of diet containing 2.5% n-3 HUFA (g per 100 g of final diet):
Extruded diet: 92.465 dry nucleus (ie 97.76 product)
Total coated fraction: 7.533
Phospholipids(1): 2
Oil 50(2): 2
Hydrogenated coconut oil(3): 3
Emulgator blend(4): 0.5
ethoxyquin(5): 0.015
vitamin E(6): 0.02
Aq. deion. to make emulsion: 20
(1), (3), (4), (5), (6): see Table 1; (2) concentrate of ethyl esters with approximately 50% (n-3) HUFA, INVE Aquaculture N.V., Belgium; (a) correction for water content in extruded nucleus
Preparation protocol at ARC:
-emulsify coated fraction in 20 g of deionized water per 100 g of final product
-coat extruded nucleus homogeneously with emulsion (by nozzling or slowly dripping the concentrated emulsion in a planetary mixer)
-rinse the beaker and/or tubing of nozzle with a few ml of water and add the rinsing water to the diet
-dry the diet (in fluidized bed at incoming air 70 C, product temperature initially 20 C, 94% dry matter reached after approximately 25 min when product temperature reaches 60 C)
Table 1: Formulation of the standard diet (batch ICES895)
COMPOSITION % of diet
EXTRUDED BASAL DIET 92.465
codfish powder(1) 24
egg white albumin(2) 11
whey protein concentrate(3) 11
isolated soy protein(4) 11
hemoglobin powder(5) 4
wheat gluten(6) 3
-cellulose(7) 2.255
native corn starch(8) 13
hydrogenated coconut oil(9) 4
emulgator blend(10) 0.4
vitamin premix(11) 2
vitamin C(12) 0.4
choline chloride(13) 1
mineral premix(14) 2
attractant premix(15) 3
astaxanthine(16) 0.1
calcium propionate(17) 0.3
BHT(18) 0.005
BHA(18) 0.005
ADDITIONAL COATED FRACTION 7.533
de-oiled soya lecithin(19) 2
oil mixture(20) 5
emulgator blend(10) 0.5
ethoxyquin(21) 0.015
vitamin E(22) 0.02
(1) code 0271, Rieber & Son A/S, Norway; (2) type HG/LW, Orffa Belgium N.V., Belgium; (3) LACPRODAN-80, Orffa Belgium N.V., Belgium; (4) SUPRO 500E, Protein Technologies International, Belgium; (5) VEPRO 95 PHF, Veos N.V., Belgium; (6) BIOGLUTEN, Amylum N.V., Belgium; (7) Sigma C8002; (8) SNOWFLAKE 03401, Orffa Belgium N.V., Belgium; (9) cocos 32/34, Vandemoortele N.V., Belgium; (10) glycerol mono-oleate/sorbitan monostearate (1:1); (11) according to Coves et al. (1991), Roche, Belgium; (12) Mg-L- ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate, STAY-C, Roche, Belgium; (13) 50% purity, INVE Aquaculture N.V., Belgium; (14) according to Coves et al. (1991); (15) according to Kanazawa et al. (1989); (16) CAROPHYL PINK, Roche, Belgium; (17) Orffa Belgium N.V., Belgium; (18) Federa, Belgium; (19) EMULPUR N, Lucas Meyer N.V., Belgium; (20) see Table 2 for example; (21) 1,2-dihydro-6-ethoxy-2,2,4- trimethylquinolin, Sigma E8260; (22) dl-alfa-tocopherol-acetate,
Roche, Belgium;
Table 2: Characteristics of batch ICES895
Composition
dry matter 94.6
(% dry wt.)
Total lipid (Folch) 6.4
Protein (Kjeldahl) 63.0
Ash 6.6
Background total (n-3) HUFA < 0.35
Water stability
after 1 h leaching test at 25 C at 1g/40 ml aq. des.
Insoluble dry matter: 77.5%
Available fractions
Size range (micrometer) Total Quantity (5.01.95; kg)
200-300 20
300-500 65
500-800 70
800-1200 10
>1200 40
References
Castell, J.D., Kean, J.V., D'Abramo, L.R., and Conklin, D.E. 1989. Evaluation of two formulations for use as a standard reference diet for Crustacean Nutrition Research. J. World Aquacult. Soc., 20: 93-99.
Coutteau, P., Van Stappen, G. and Sorgeloos, P. 1995a. A standard experimental diet for the study of fatty acid requirements of weaning and first ongrowing stages of the European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax L.: selection of the basal diet. ICES mar. Sci. Symp., 201: 130-137.
Coutteau, P., Van Stappen, G., and Sorgeloos, P. 1995b. A standard experimental diet for the study of fatty acid requirements of weaning and first ongrowing stages of the European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax L.: comparison of extruded and extruded/coated diets. Arch. Anim. Nutrition, in press.
Coves, D., Dewavrin, G., Breuil, G., Devauchelle, N., 1991. Culture of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). In Handbook of Mariculture. Vol. II. Finfish Aquaculture, pp. 3-20. Ed. by J.P. McVey. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida.
ICES. 1993. Report of the Working Group on Mass Rearing of Juvenile Marine Fish to the Mariculture Committee of ICES. ICES CM 1993/F:8.
ICES, 1995. Report of the ICES WG on Mass Rearing of Juvenile Marine Fish, ICES C.M. 1995/F:4.
Kanazawa, A., Koshio, S., and Teshima, S. 1989. Growth and survival of larval red sea bream Pagrus major and Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus fed microbound diets. J. World Aquacult. Soc., 20:31-37.
INTERCALIBRATION EXERCISE ON THE QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE
ANALYSIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN ARTEMIA AND MARINE SAMPLES USED IN
MARICULTURE
Prepared by
Peter Coutteau and Patrick Sorgeloos
Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center
University of Gent, Rozier 44, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
on behalf of the
"Working Group on the Mass Rearing of Juvenile Marine Fish" of
the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
edited by
Bari Howell, Yngvar Olsen and Jose Iglesias
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 OUTLINE OF THE INTERCALIBRATION EXERCISE. . . . . . . . 4
3 DATA TREATMENT AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . 4
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.1. Response to the excercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.2. Analytical methods, instrumentation and methods used
by the participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.3. Total lipid analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.4. Fatty acid analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5 CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
7 REFERENCES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
8 FIGURES AND TABLES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
9 ADDENDUM I:
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
10 ADDENDUM II:
INSTRUCTIONS PROVIDED TO THE
PARTICIPANTS...........................................28
11 ADDENDUM III:
ICES-STANDARD METHODOLOGY FOR (N-3) HUFA ANALYSIS . . .29
CONCLUSIONS
An international inter-calibration exercise was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of the ICES Standard Methodology for fatty acid analysis in a sample of Artemia and a formulated dry feed. Results were received from 11 of the 20 laboratories to which samples were sent. Five participants followed the Standard Method, five their own in-house method, and one laboratory compared their own in-house method with the Standard Method. Total lipid content was reported by eight participants.
The average intra-laboratory variation in the determination of total lipid content was only 3.6% (CV) for the dry feed and 4.0% for the Artemia nauplii. The inter-laboratory variation was somewhat higher being 5.2% for the dry feed and 8.7% for nauplii. In addition, significant differences were found between lipid content reported by the different laboratories. Nevertheless, the inter-laboratory variation obtained in this study was considerably lower than that reported in a previous inter- calibration exercise. It is suggested that this may have been because precise procedures were prescribed for both hatching the cysts and lipid extraction.
Intra- and inter-laboratory variability in the determination of fatty acid composition was on average twice as high for quantitative data as it was for qualitative data. The intra-laboratory variation, averaged for all the laboratories for the feed and Artemia respectively, was as low as 3.3% and 2.7% for qualitative data, and 6.9% and 6.3% for quantitative data. In comparison, the average inter-laboratory variation for the major fatty acids in the feed and Artemia respectively, was 13.7% and 7.3% for qualitative data, and 24.5% and 11.5% for quantitative data. The higher variability in the quantitative, as well as qualitative data, for the dry feed may have been due to a higher variability in the extraction and/or methylation of the fatty acids from the extruded matrix of the diet compared to brine shrimp tissue.
The laboratories using the Standard Method exhibited a somewhat lower intra-laboratory and inter-laboratory variation for the qualitative values than the laboratories applying their own in- house method. In contrast, the quantitative analyses revealed, particularly for the dry feed, a slightly higher variability for the laboratories following the Standard Method.
The overall variability in the present exercise, both on the intra-laboratory as well as inter-laboratory level, was significantly lower than that reported previously. The better accuracy obtained in the present exercise for the determination of fatty acid composition in Artemia nauplii is at least partially due to the stipulation of a standard procedure for hatching and analysis of the cyst sample in the instructions to the participants.
Although it is more elaborate and solvent consuming than many current methods for fatty acid analysis in routine use, the ICES Standard Method may be used to inter-calibrate the analytical procedures adopted by different laboratories to analyze fatty acids in Artemia and marine samples.